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Curated timing data for 249 common medications

Acetaminophen

Tylenol · Paracetamol · Panadol

Pain Relief
Oral

Analgesic / Antipyretic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Ibuprofen

Advil · Motrin · Nurofen

Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Aspirin

Bayer · Bufferin

Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID / Antiplatelet

Onset
20 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Naproxen

Aleve · Naprosyn

Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Celecoxib

Celebrex

Pain Relief
Oral

COX-2 inhibitor (NSAID)

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Diclofenac

Voltaren · Cataflam

Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Diclofenac Gel

Voltaren Gel

Pain Relief
Topical

Topical NSAID

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 10 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Ketorolac

Toradol

Pain Relief
IM

NSAID

Onset
10 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
5 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
1 day
Pain Relief
Oral

NSAID

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Morphine

MS Contin · Roxanol

Pain Relief
Oral

Opioid agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 6 hr
Oxycodone

OxyContin · Percocet

Pain Relief
Oral

Opioid agonist

Onset
10 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 6 hr
Hydrocodone

Vicodin · Norco

Pain Relief
Oral

Opioid agonist

Onset
10 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Codeine

Tylenol #3

Pain Relief
Oral

Opioid agonist

Onset
30 min – 45 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Tramadol

Ultram

Pain Relief
Oral

Atypical opioid / SNRI

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Pain Relief
Transdermal

Opioid agonist

Onset
12 hr – 1 day
Tmax
1 day – 3 days
Lasts
3 days
Buprenorphine

Suboxone · Subutex

Pain Relief
Sublingual

Partial opioid agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days
Methadone

Dolophine

Pain Relief
Oral

Opioid agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day – 1.5 days
Pain Relief
Topical

Topical anesthetic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Pain Relief
Topical

TRPV1 agonist

Onset
5 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr

Sustained pain relief develops over 2–4 weeks of regular use.

Gabapentin

Neurontin

Pain Relief
Oral

Gabapentinoid

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr

Full neuropathic-pain benefit typically takes 2–4 weeks at target dose.

Pain Relief
Oral

Gabapentinoid

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Penicillin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Penicillin + β-lactamase inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Penicillin V

Pen-Vee K

Antibiotic
Oral

Penicillin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr
Lasts
6 hr
Ampicillin

Principen

Antibiotic
Oral

Penicillin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Anti-staphylococcal penicillin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
6 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

1st-gen Cephalosporin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

2nd-gen Cephalosporin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Cefdinir

Omnicef

Antibiotic
Oral

3rd-gen Cephalosporin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Ceftriaxone

Rocephin

Antibiotic
IM

3rd-gen Cephalosporin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
1 day
Cefepime

Maxipime

Antibiotic
IV

4th-gen Cephalosporin

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Azithromycin

Zithromax · Z-Pak

Antibiotic
Oral

Macrolide

Onset
2 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days
Antibiotic
Oral

Macrolide

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Macrolide

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
6 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Fluoroquinolone

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Levofloxacin

Levaquin

Antibiotic
Oral

Fluoroquinolone

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Antibiotic
Oral

Fluoroquinolone

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
1 day
Doxycycline

Vibramycin

Antibiotic
Oral

Tetracycline

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Antibiotic
Oral

Tetracycline

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Tetracycline

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Nitrofuran

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Nitroimidazole

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Lincosamide

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
45 min – 1 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Vancomycin

Vancocin

Antibiotic
IV

Glycopeptide

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antibiotic
Oral

Oxazolidinone

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Rifampin

Rifadin

Antibiotic
Oral

Rifamycin

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Gentamicin

Garamycin

Antibiotic
IV

Aminoglycoside

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 1 day
Acyclovir

Zovirax

Antiviral
Oral

Nucleoside analog (HSV/VZV)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 8 hr
Antiviral
Oral

Nucleoside analog (HSV/VZV)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 2.5 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antiviral
Oral

Nucleoside analog (HSV/VZV)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antiviral
Oral

Neuraminidase inhibitor (Flu)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Zanamivir

Relenza

Antiviral
Inhaled

Neuraminidase inhibitor (Flu)

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Baloxavir

Xofluza

Antiviral
Oral

PA endonuclease inhibitor (Flu)

Onset
4 hr
Tmax
4 hr
Lasts
5 days
Antiviral
Oral

SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Remdesivir

Veklury

Antiviral
IV

RNA polymerase inhibitor

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Tenofovir

Viread

Antiviral
Oral

NRTI (HIV/HBV)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Antiviral
Oral

NRTI combo (HIV PrEP)

Onset
7 days – 3 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Protective drug levels in tissue build over 7–21 days of daily dosing.

Antiviral
Oral

Integrase inhibitor (HIV)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
1 day
Fluconazole

Diflucan

Antifungal
Oral

Azole

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days
Itraconazole

Sporanox

Antifungal
Oral

Azole

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
1 day
Antifungal
Oral

Azole

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Antifungal
Oral

Allylamine

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Visible nail clearance takes 6–12 months as new nail grows out.

Nystatin

Mycostatin

Antifungal
Oral

Polyene

Onset
1 day – 3 days
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Clotrimazole

Lotrimin

Antifungal
Topical

Topical azole

Onset
1 day – 3 days
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr

Full clearance of tinea typically takes 2–4 weeks.

Lisinopril

Prinivil · Zestril

Blood Pressure
Oral

ACE inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
6 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full BP-lowering effect develops over 2–4 weeks of daily dosing.

Enalapril

Vasotec

Blood Pressure
Oral

ACE inhibitor

Onset
1 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Full BP-lowering effect develops over 2–4 weeks.

Ramipril

Altace

Blood Pressure
Oral

ACE inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full BP effect over 2–4 weeks.

Losartan

Cozaar

Blood Pressure
Oral

ARB

Onset
6 hr – 12 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum BP effect at 3–6 weeks.

Valsartan

Diovan

Blood Pressure
Oral

ARB

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum BP effect at 4 weeks.

Olmesartan

Benicar

Blood Pressure
Oral

ARB

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum BP effect at 2 weeks.

Amlodipine

Norvasc

Blood Pressure
Oral

Dihydropyridine CCB

Onset
6 hr – 12 hr
Tmax
6 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day

Steady-state BP effect develops over 7–10 days.

Nifedipine ER

Procardia XL

Blood Pressure
Oral

Dihydropyridine CCB

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
6 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day
Diltiazem

Cardizem

Blood Pressure
Oral

Non-DHP CCB

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

Non-DHP CCB

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

β1-selective beta-blocker

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

β1-selective beta-blocker (ER)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
7 hr
Lasts
1 day
Atenolol

Tenormin

Blood Pressure
Oral

β1-selective beta-blocker

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Blood Pressure
Oral

Non-selective beta-blocker

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

α/β-blocker

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Labetalol

Trandate

Blood Pressure
Oral

α/β-blocker

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

Thiazide diuretic

Onset
2 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr

Maximum BP effect at 3–4 weeks.

Blood Pressure
Oral

Thiazide-like diuretic

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
2 days – 3 days

Maximum BP effect at 3–4 weeks.

Blood Pressure
Oral

Loop diuretic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Blood Pressure
Oral

K-sparing diuretic / aldosterone antagonist

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days

Full diuretic and BP effect develops over 2–3 days of daily dosing.

Hydralazine

Apresoline

Blood Pressure
Oral

Direct vasodilator

Onset
20 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Clonidine

Catapres

Blood Pressure
Oral

Central α2 agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Digoxin

Lanoxin

Blood Pressure
Oral

Cardiac glycoside

Onset
30 min – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
1 day – 4 days
Amiodarone

Cordarone

Blood Pressure
Oral

Class III antiarrhythmic

Onset
2 days – 4 weeks
Tmax
3 hr – 7 hr
Lasts
1 day – 2 months

Loading doses needed; antiarrhythmic effect builds over days to weeks.

Nitroglycerin

Nitrostat

Blood Pressure
Sublingual

Nitrate vasodilator

Onset
1 min – 3 min
Tmax
4 min – 8 min
Lasts
30 min – 1 hr
Cholesterol
Oral

Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
20 hr – 1.5 days

Maximum LDL lowering develops over 4–6 weeks of daily dosing.

Cholesterol
Oral

Statin

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
3 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
20 hr – 1 day

Maximum LDL lowering develops over 4–6 weeks of daily dosing.

Cholesterol
Oral

Statin

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
1.5 hr – 2.5 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Maximum LDL lowering develops over 4–6 weeks of daily dosing.

Pravastatin

Pravachol

Cholesterol
Oral

Statin

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum LDL lowering develops over 4–6 weeks of daily dosing.

Cholesterol
Oral

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum LDL effect at ~2 weeks.

Cholesterol
Oral

Fibrate

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum triglyceride lowering at 4–8 weeks.

Evolocumab

Repatha

Cholesterol
SubQ

PCSK9 inhibitor

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
3 days – 4 days
Lasts
2 weeks – 4 weeks

Maximum LDL reduction by 4–8 weeks.

Warfarin

Coumadin

Anticoagulant
Oral

Vitamin K antagonist

Onset
1 day – 3 days
Tmax
4 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
2 days – 5 days

Therapeutic INR usually reached over 5–7 days.

Apixaban

Eliquis

Anticoagulant
Oral

Factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC)

Onset
3 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Anticoagulant
Oral

Factor Xa inhibitor (DOAC)

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Dabigatran

Pradaxa

Anticoagulant
Oral

Direct thrombin inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Enoxaparin

Lovenox

Anticoagulant
SubQ

Low-molecular-weight heparin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Heparin

Heparin

Anticoagulant
IV

Unfractionated heparin

Onset
1 min – 5 min
Tmax
5 min – 10 min
Lasts
2 hr – 6 hr
Anticoagulant
Oral

P2Y12 antiplatelet

Onset
2 hr – 6 hr
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
5 days – 7 days

Without a loading dose, steady-state platelet inhibition takes 5–7 days.

Ticagrelor

Brilinta

Anticoagulant
Oral

P2Y12 antiplatelet

Onset
30 min – 2 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Metformin

Glucophage

Diabetes
Oral

Biguanide

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Maximum glucose-lowering effect develops over 1–2 weeks.

Glipizide

Glucotrol

Diabetes
Oral

Sulfonylurea

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Glyburide

Diabeta

Diabetes
Oral

Sulfonylurea

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Diabetes
Oral

DPP-4 inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Empagliflozin

Jardiance

Diabetes
Oral

SGLT2 inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr
Lasts
1 day
Diabetes
Oral

SGLT2 inhibitor

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Liraglutide

Victoza · Saxenda

Diabetes
SubQ

GLP-1 agonist

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
8 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day
Semaglutide

Ozempic · Wegovy · Rybelsus

Diabetes
SubQ

GLP-1 agonist

Onset
1 day – 7 days
Tmax
1 day – 3 days
Lasts
7 days

Glycemic and weight-loss benefits build over weeks to months at target dose.

Tirzepatide

Mounjaro · Zepbound

Diabetes
SubQ

GIP/GLP-1 agonist

Onset
1 day – 7 days
Tmax
8 hr – 3 days
Lasts
7 days

Maximum benefit develops over 12–24 weeks of titration.

Diabetes
Oral

Thiazolidinedione

Onset
7 days – 3 weeks
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum A1c lowering at 8–12 weeks.

Diabetes
SubQ

Rapid-acting insulin

Onset
10 min – 15 min
Tmax
30 min – 1.5 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 5 hr
Diabetes
SubQ

Rapid-acting insulin

Onset
10 min – 20 min
Tmax
40 min – 50 min
Lasts
3 hr – 5 hr
Regular Insulin

Humulin R · Novolin R

Diabetes
SubQ

Short-acting insulin

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
5 hr – 8 hr
NPH Insulin

Humulin N · Novolin N

Diabetes
SubQ

Intermediate-acting insulin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 18 hr
Insulin Glargine

Lantus · Basaglar

Diabetes
SubQ

Long-acting insulin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
Peakless
Lasts
20 hr – 1 day
Diabetes
SubQ

Ultra-long-acting insulin

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
Peakless
Lasts
2 days
Antidepressant
Oral

SSRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
6 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

SSRI

Onset
7 days – 4 weeks
Tmax
6 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

SSRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
5 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

SSRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

SSRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
5 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

SNRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Duloxetine

Cymbalta

Antidepressant
Oral

SNRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
6 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Bupropion

Wellbutrin

Antidepressant
Oral

NDRI

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
3 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Antidepressant
Oral

Tetracyclic / α2 antagonist

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Mood/anxiety benefit typically develops over 4–6 weeks of daily use.

Trazodone

Desyrel

Antidepressant
Oral

SARI

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Antidepressant
Oral

TCA

Onset
7 days – 4 weeks
Tmax
2 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day

Antidepressant effect builds over 4–6 weeks.

Antidepressant
Oral

TCA

Onset
7 days – 3 weeks
Tmax
7 hr – 9 hr
Lasts
1 day

Antidepressant effect builds over 4–6 weeks.

Anti-anxiety
Oral

Benzodiazepine

Onset
15 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Lorazepam

Ativan

Anti-anxiety
Oral

Benzodiazepine

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Clonazepam

Klonopin

Anti-anxiety
Oral

Benzodiazepine

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Diazepam

Valium

Anti-anxiety
Oral

Benzodiazepine

Onset
15 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Buspirone

BuSpar

Anti-anxiety
Oral

5-HT1A partial agonist

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr

Full anxiolytic effect develops over 2–4 weeks.

Hydroxyzine

Vistaril · Atarax

Anti-anxiety
Oral

Antihistamine

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Risperidone

Risperdal

Antipsychotic
Oral

Atypical antipsychotic

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full antipsychotic effect develops over weeks.

Olanzapine

Zyprexa

Antipsychotic
Oral

Atypical antipsychotic

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
6 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full antipsychotic effect develops over weeks.

Quetiapine

Seroquel

Antipsychotic
Oral

Atypical antipsychotic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Antipsychotic
Oral

Atypical (D2 partial agonist)

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
1 day
Antipsychotic
Oral

Typical antipsychotic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
1 day
Clozapine

Clozaril

Antipsychotic
Oral

Atypical antipsychotic

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
2.5 hr
Lasts
12 hr

Slow titration; full benefit over weeks to months.

Lithium

Lithobid · Eskalith

Mood Stabilizer
Oral

Mood stabilizer

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full mood-stabilizing effect develops over 1–3 weeks.

Mood Stabilizer
Oral

Anticonvulsant / mood stabilizer

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 hr – 17 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Full mood-stabilizing effect develops over 1–3 weeks.

Lamotrigine

Lamictal

Mood Stabilizer
Oral

Anticonvulsant / mood stabilizer

Onset
2 weeks – 5 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Slow titration over 5–6 weeks before reaching target dose.

Methylphenidate

Ritalin · Concerta

ADHD / Stimulant
Oral

CNS stimulant

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 12 hr
ADHD / Stimulant
Oral

CNS stimulant (prodrug)

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
4 hr
Lasts
10 hr – 14 hr
Atomoxetine

Strattera

ADHD / Stimulant
Oral

NRI

Onset
7 days – 4 weeks
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

ADHD benefit develops over 4–6 weeks of daily dosing.

Melatonin

Natrol

Sleep Aid
Oral

Hormone

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 8 hr
Zolpidem

Ambien

Sleep Aid
Oral

Non-benzodiazepine (Z-drug)

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Sleep Aid
Oral

Z-drug

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Zaleplon

Sonata

Sleep Aid
Oral

Z-drug

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 4 hr
Sleep Aid
Oral

1st-gen antihistamine

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 10 hr
Ramelteon

Rozerem

Sleep Aid
Oral

Melatonin receptor agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
30 min – 1.5 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Suvorexant

Belsomra

Sleep Aid
Oral

Orexin receptor antagonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
7 hr – 8 hr
Allergy
Oral

1st-gen antihistamine

Onset
15 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Loratadine

Claritin

Allergy
Oral

2nd-gen antihistamine

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Allergy
Oral

2nd-gen antihistamine

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Allergy
Oral

2nd-gen antihistamine

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Allergy
Oral

2nd-gen antihistamine

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr
Lasts
1 day
Allergy
Oral

2nd-gen antihistamine

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
3 hr
Lasts
1 day
Chlorpheniramine

Chlor-Trimeton

Allergy
Oral

1st-gen antihistamine

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Allergy
Nasal

Intranasal corticosteroid

Onset
12 hr – 1 day
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full anti-inflammatory effect builds over 1–2 weeks of daily use.

Allergy
Nasal

Intranasal corticosteroid

Onset
11 hr – 1.5 days
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day

Full anti-inflammatory effect builds over 1–2 weeks of daily use.

Decongestant
Oral

α-adrenergic agonist

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Phenylephrine

Sudafed PE

Decongestant
Oral

α1 agonist

Onset
15 min – 20 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 4 hr
Decongestant
Nasal

α-adrenergic agonist

Onset
5 min – 10 min
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
10 hr – 12 hr
Asthma / Respiratory
Oral

Expectorant

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Asthma / Respiratory
Oral

Antitussive

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
2 hr – 2.5 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Albuterol

Ventolin · ProAir

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

Short-acting β2 agonist (SABA)

Onset
5 min – 15 min
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

SABA

Onset
5 min – 15 min
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
5 hr – 8 hr
Salmeterol

Serevent

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

LABA

Onset
10 min – 20 min
Tmax
3 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Formoterol

Foradil

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

LABA

Onset
1 min – 3 min
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

Inhaled corticosteroid

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr

Full asthma-control benefit builds over 2–4 weeks.

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

Inhaled corticosteroid

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr

Full asthma-control benefit builds over 2–4 weeks.

Tiotropium

Spiriva

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

LAMA

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Ipratropium

Atrovent

Asthma / Respiratory
Inhaled

SAMA

Onset
15 min – 30 min
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Montelukast

Singulair

Asthma / Respiratory
Oral

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

Onset
1 day
Tmax
3 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day
Omeprazole

Prilosec

GI / Acid
Oral

PPI

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
30 min – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days

Maximum acid suppression develops over 3–4 days of daily dosing.

GI / Acid
Oral

PPI

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum acid suppression develops over 3–4 days.

Pantoprazole

Protonix

GI / Acid
Oral

PPI

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum acid suppression over 3–4 days.

Lansoprazole

Prevacid

GI / Acid
Oral

PPI

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum acid suppression over 3–4 days.

GI / Acid
Oral

H2 blocker

Onset
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
10 hr – 12 hr
GI / Acid
Oral

H2 blocker

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
GI / Acid
Oral

Antacid

Onset
5 min – 15 min
Tmax
30 min – 1 hr
Lasts
30 min – 1 hr
Antiemetic
Oral

5-HT3 antagonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Promethazine

Phenergan

Antiemetic
Oral

Phenothiazine antihistamine

Onset
20 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Antiemetic
Oral

D2 antagonist / prokinetic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 hr – 2 hr
Meclizine

Bonine · Antivert

Antiemetic
Oral

Antihistamine

Onset
1 hr
Tmax
3 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 1 day
Loperamide

Imodium

GI / Acid
Oral

μ-opioid agonist (gut-restricted)

Onset
1 hr – 3 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
10 hr – 12 hr
Bisacodyl

Dulcolax

Laxative
Oral

Stimulant laxative

Onset
6 hr – 12 hr
Tmax
6 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 8 hr
Senna

Senokot

Laxative
Oral

Stimulant laxative

Onset
6 hr – 12 hr
Tmax
6 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 12 hr
Docusate

Colace

Laxative
Oral

Stool softener

Onset
12 hr – 3 days
Tmax
12 hr – 3 days
Lasts
1 day
Lactulose

Kristalose

Laxative
Oral

Osmotic laxative

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 day – 2 days
Lasts
1 day
Levothyroxine

Synthroid · Levoxyl

Thyroid
Oral

Synthetic T4

Onset
3 days – 5 days
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
7 days – 10 days

Steady-state thyroid effect builds over 4–6 weeks; dose changes are reassessed at 6 weeks.

Thyroid
Oral

Synthetic T3

Onset
2 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
1 day – 3 days
Methimazole

Tapazole

Thyroid
Oral

Thionamide

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day

Clinical euthyroidism typically reached over 4–8 weeks.

Thyroid
Oral

Thionamide

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
8 hr

Clinical euthyroidism over 4–8 weeks.

Contraceptive
Oral

Combined oral contraceptive

Onset
7 days
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Contraceptive protection typically established by day 7 of continuous use.

Contraceptive
Oral

Progestin-only pill

Onset
2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Contraceptive
IM

Progestin injection

Onset
1 day – 7 days
Tmax
3 weeks
Lasts
3 months – 3 months
Contraceptive
Oral

Emergency contraceptive

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
3 days
Estradiol

Estrace · Climara

Hormone
Oral

Estrogen

Onset
1 day – 7 days
Tmax
1 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
1 day

Hot-flash relief typically builds over 2–4 weeks.

Testosterone Cypionate

Depo-Testosterone

Hormone
IM

Androgen

Onset
1 day – 3 days
Tmax
1 day – 7 days
Lasts
7 days – 3 weeks
Urology
Oral

PDE5 inhibitor

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Tadalafil

Cialis

Urology
Oral

PDE5 inhibitor

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
1 day – 1.5 days
Urology
Oral

α1-blocker

Onset
4 hr – 8 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 7 hr
Lasts
1 day

Maximum BPH symptom relief over 2–4 weeks.

Finasteride

Proscar · Propecia

Urology
Oral

5α-reductase inhibitor

Onset
3 months – 6 months
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day

Hair-loss benefit visible only after 3–6 months; full effect at 12 months.

Oxybutynin

Ditropan

Urology
Oral

Antimuscarinic

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
3 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
6 hr – 10 hr
Prednisone

Deltasone

Corticosteroid
Oral

Glucocorticoid

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
18 hr – 1.5 days
Corticosteroid
Oral

Glucocorticoid

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
18 hr – 1.5 days
Corticosteroid
Oral

Glucocorticoid

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
18 hr – 1.5 days
Corticosteroid
Oral

Glucocorticoid

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1.5 days – 3 days
Corticosteroid
Topical

Topical glucocorticoid

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 8 hr
Lasts
8 hr – 12 hr
Corticosteroid
IM

Glucocorticoid

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
8 hr – 10 hr
Lasts
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Budesonide

Entocort

Corticosteroid
Oral

Glucocorticoid (gut-targeted)

Onset
1 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
30 min – 10 hr
Lasts
1 day
Muscle Relaxant
Oral

Centrally acting muscle relaxant

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 6 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Muscle Relaxant
Oral

Centrally acting muscle relaxant

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Tizanidine

Zanaflex

Muscle Relaxant
Oral

α2 agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
3 hr – 6 hr
Baclofen

Lioresal

Muscle Relaxant
Oral

GABA-B agonist

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Anticonvulsant
Oral

SV2A modulator

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Phenytoin

Dilantin

Anticonvulsant
Oral

Na+ channel blocker

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
1.5 hr – 3 hr
Lasts
12 hr – 1 day
Anticonvulsant
Oral

Na+ channel blocker

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
4 hr – 5 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Topiramate

Topamax

Anticonvulsant
Oral

Multi-mechanism

Onset
1 hr – 2 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Migraine
Oral

5-HT1B/1D agonist (triptan)

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
2 hr – 2.5 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Migraine
Oral

Triptan

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 1.5 hr
Lasts
4 hr – 6 hr
Erenumab

Aimovig

Migraine
SubQ

CGRP receptor antagonist

Onset
7 days – 4 weeks
Tmax
6 days
Lasts
4 weeks

Migraine-prevention benefit assessed after 3 monthly doses.

Eye / Ear
Ophthalmic

Prostaglandin analog

Onset
3 hr – 4 hr
Tmax
8 hr – 12 hr
Lasts
1 day
Eye / Ear
Ophthalmic

Beta-blocker eye drops

Onset
30 min – 1 hr
Tmax
1 hr – 2 hr
Lasts
1 day
Ofloxacin Otic

Floxin Otic

Eye / Ear
Otic

Fluoroquinolone ear drops

Onset
1 day – 2 days
Tmax
1 hr – 4 hr
Lasts
12 hr
Influenza Vaccine

Fluzone · Flulaval

Vaccine
IM

Inactivated influenza vaccine

Onset
10 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 6 weeks
Lasts
6 months – 12 months
COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine

Comirnaty · Spikevax

Vaccine
IM

mRNA vaccine

Onset
10 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 6 weeks
Lasts
4 months – 12 months
Tdap Vaccine

Adacel · Boostrix

Vaccine
IM

Toxoid + acellular pertussis

Onset
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 2 months
Lasts
10 years
MMR Vaccine

M-M-R II

Vaccine
SubQ

Live attenuated vaccine

Onset
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 6 weeks
Lasts
25 years – 50 years
Vaccine
SubQ

Live attenuated vaccine

Onset
2 weeks – 6 weeks
Tmax
6 weeks
Lasts
20 years
Vaccine
IM

Recombinant zoster vaccine

Onset
4 weeks – 2 months
Tmax
4 weeks – 2 months
Lasts
7 years – 10 years
HPV Vaccine

Gardasil 9

Vaccine
IM

Recombinant HPV vaccine

Onset
4 weeks – 2 months
Tmax
4 weeks – 6 months
Lasts
10 years
Hepatitis B Vaccine

Engerix-B · Recombivax HB

Vaccine
IM

Recombinant subunit vaccine

Onset
4 weeks – 2 months
Tmax
4 weeks – 2 months
Lasts
20 years
Hepatitis A Vaccine

Havrix · Vaqta

Vaccine
IM

Inactivated vaccine

Onset
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 2 months
Lasts
20 years – 25 years
Pneumococcal Vaccine

Prevnar 20 · Pneumovax 23

Vaccine
IM

Polysaccharide / conjugate vaccine

Onset
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks – 2 months
Lasts
5 years – 10 years
Meningococcal Vaccine

Menactra · Menveo

Vaccine
IM

Conjugate vaccine

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
4 weeks
Lasts
5 years
Vaccine
IM

Inactivated vaccine

Onset
7 days – 2 weeks
Tmax
2 weeks – 4 weeks
Lasts
3 years